Facts and Statistics about Snowmobiling

     

  1. There are four major manufacturers that build snowmobiles. They are: Arctic Cat - headquartered in Thief River Falls, MN; Bombardier Inc. - headquartered in Valcourt, Quebec Canada; Polaris Industries - headquartered in Medina, MN; and Yamaha Motor Corporation - headquartered in Cypress, CA.
  2. In 2001, there were 208,592 snowmobiles sold worldwide; 140,629 snowmobiles were sold in the U.S., and 46,973 snowmobiles were sold in Canada.
  3. The average suggested retail price of a new snowmobile sold in 2001 was $5,800.
  4. The number of Licensed Snowmobile Dealers:
    • United States - 1570
    • Canada - 1081
    • Scandinavia - 403
  5. There are approximately 2.7 million registered snowmobiles in the world.
    • United States - 1.6 million
    • Canada - 760,000
    • Scandinavia - 318,000
  6. Worldwide snowmobile sales:
    • 1993 - 158,000
    • 1994 - 181,000
    • 1995 - 227,400
    • 1996 - 252,324
    • 1997 - 260,735
    • 1998 - 257,936
    • 1999 - 230,887
    • 2000 - 208,297
    • 2001 - 208,592
  7. The most popular engine size of recently acquired snowmobiles is in the 500-cc range.
  8. The Economic Impact of Snowmobiling:
    • United States - $7 billion annually
    • Canada - $3.6 billion annually
    • Scandinavia - $1.6 billion annually
  9. Over 75,000 full-time jobs are generated by the snowmobile industry in North America. Those jobs are involved in manufacturing, dealerships and tourism related businesses.
  10. The average age of a snowmobile owner is 42 years old.
  11. The average annual household income for snowmobilers is $68,000.
  12. The average snowmobiler rides his/her snowmobile 1,202 miles per year.
  13. The average snowmobiler has 18 years of riding experience.
  14. The average snowmobiler spends $4,000 each year on snowmobile-related recreation, tourism and products.
  15. 75% of snowmobile owners are married. The average snowmobile family has 0.8 children living in the home with them.
  16. 63% of the snowmobilers usually trailer their snowmobiles to go ride. 37% either snowmobile from their primary residence or have a vacation home where they keep and use their snowmobiles.
  17. Approximately 80% of snowmobilers use their snowmobile for trail riding and touring in marked and groomed trails. 20% of snowmobilers use their snowmobile for work and ice fishing.
  18. Snowmobilers spend on the average 7.2 nights per snowmobile season in a motel/resort room while snowmobiling.
  19. Snowmobilers are caring neighbors, they raised over $3 million for charity during the 2000/2001 season.
  20. Approximately 17% of all snowmobilers are part of the Senior Circuit - 60 years or older and 37% of all snowmobilers are 50 years or older.
  21. There are over 225,000 miles of groomed and marked snowmobile trails in North America that have been developed by volunteer clubs working with local government and private land owners.
  22. There are over 3000 snowmobile clubs worldwide, involved in trail grooming and charity fund raising and family activities.
  23. There are 40 registered non-profit associations representing snowmobilers in the U.S., Canada and Scandinavia.
  24. Snowmobiling is great exercise that brings people outdoors to interact with nature and each other. It is an invigorating sport that is great for stress release and good mental health.
  25. Snowmobiling is a great family sport. It is an activity that keeps parents and kids together. Historically individuals who snowmobile at a young age continue to snowmobile with their parents and continue in the sport throughout their lives, sharing great experiences as a family. In many winter regions, snowmobiling is simply the main form of winter outdoor recreation and in some cases the main method of transportation available.
  26. The use of snowmobiles in National Parks is controlled, organized and regulated by Federal Law Enforcement. The snowmobiling occurs on roads groomed and marked for snowmobiling, the same roadways used by recreational vehicles, cars, trucks and busses. Snowmobiles are NOT used as off-road vehicles in National Parks such as Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain and Grand Teton.
  27. On US National Forest Land, most of the trails used by snowmobiles are on groomed roads used by summer recreationists. There are also secondary and seasonal roads within the forests used by snowmobilers. These roads are groomed and marked by volunteers who work closely with the local US Forest Service staff in maintaining and managing those areas.
  28. The International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association has had an active web site for 5 years. The URL is www.snowmobile.org.
  29. The manufacturers have always been actively involved in promoting safe riding behavior while snowmobiling. Over one million brochures, decals and hundreds of thousands of posters and safety videos have been distributed free of charge to snowmobile enthusiasts throughout the world. Safety trainers, enforcement officers, Chambers of Commerce and more use safety materials provided by the manufacturers through the Safe Riders! You make snowmobiling safe ™ safety campaign

Snow Facts

Snowmobile History

The first attempts at building a vehicle that would move over snow on runners happened 75 years ago. Many dreamed of building a power-driven sled, especially where heavy snowfalls often meant the difference between life and death when attempting to transport an ill person to emergency care.

In 1935, a snowmobile was built with skis in front and a sprocket wheel and tracked system in back. It carried 12 people, and family doctors, veterinarians, ambulance and taxi drivers were first in line to purchase one. A modified version found a market in the logging industry.

It was the late 1950s, with the development of smaller gasoline engines, before the one- or two-passenger lightweight chassis snowmobile was marketed - and with it, a new recreational sport was born.

Ten years later, there were dozens of manufacturers producing snowmobiles that sold for a few hundred dollars a piece. Today, four manufacturers will produce over 200,000 snowmobiles to be sold annually in the United states, Canada and Europe. With more than 4 million riders, snowmobiling is a major winter recreational activity and a significant factor in increased winter tourism in much of Canada and the snowbelt of the United States.

The history of the "snow machine" is yet to be completed. Today's snowmobile bears little resemblance to earlier models. By today's standards, many of the machines of the 60's and 70's are considered antiques.

Defining the Sport

There are more than four million snowmobilers in Canada and the United States.

Surveys show that over 94.5% of snowmobilers consider it a family sport. The overwhelming majority of snowmobile owners are married and have children.

Snowmobiling appeals to people of all ages - from youngsters to senior citizens. Studies reveal that snowmobilers generally ride close to home. On day trips, snowmobilers typically travel 30 to 75 miles to favorite riding areas or on favorite trails. There is a growing interest in touring - spending several nights traveling, shopping, dining and sleeping along the way. However, for overnight trips, distances traveled normally range between 100 and 150 miles per day.

Although primarily a recreational activity, snowmobiling also provides many other useful functions. In remote portions of Canada and the U.S., snowmobiles are some citizens' primary source of transportation. Snowmobiles are relied upon by law enforcement units throughout the snowbelt for search and rescue work and emergency missions. They are used also by surveyors, ranchers, public utility employees, environmental and wildlife scientists and countless others. Ski-touring centers across North America utilize snowmobiles for trail grooming and track setting. Snowmobiles are also widely used by cross-country ski race officials, dog sled races, and by ski patrols for rescue purposes.

Economic Impact

Snowmobilers in Canada and the United States spend over $10 billion on their sport each year. This includes expenditures on equipment, clothing, accessories, snowmobiling vacations, etc.

Surveys show that, on average, snowmobilers taking overnight trips (24% of these surveyed) take 3 - 5 trips per year, spending 2 nights per trip away from home.

The sport of snowmobiling is responsible for "spin-off" economic benefits such as:

The sport of snowmobiling has rejuvenated the economies of many communities.

Provincial and state travel bureaus are now actively promoting snowmobile tourism through such means as the production of snowmobile information guides and trail maps and the establishment of toll free numbers with information on snowmobiling opportunities and conditions.

The New York State Snowmobile Association, in cooperation with SUNY Potsdam, performed an economic impact analysis in 1998 showing the economic impact of snowmobiling in New York state is estimated at $476.2 million.

The Wyoming Recreation Commission, in conjunction with the University of Wyoming, prepared a report on snowmobiling in the state in 1995. After analyzing monies spent on items like equipment, gasoline, service, lodging and food, the study concluded that snowmobiling is responsible for $189.5 million in economic impact and "is extremely important to the economy of the State of Wyoming."

The economic significance that the sport of snowmobiling has on the state of Vermont exceeds $165 million annually, according to a study by Johnson State College in 1995.

The Alberta Economic Development and Tourism Dept., in 1995, estimated the economic impact of the snowmobile industry in Alberta to be $162.6 million.

The Ontario Federation of Snowmobile Clubs 1998 economic impact study showed that direct expenditures generated by snowmobiling was over $932 million.

The Lebanon Valley College of Pennsylvania in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State Snowmobile Association conducted an economic impact study in 1996-97 showing the annual economic impact of snowmobiling of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to be approximately $95.5 million.

The University of New Hampshire and New Hampshire Snowmobile Association conducted a study that showed the economic impact of snowmobiling in New Hampshire was $367 million. Snowmobilers in New Hampshire paid over $1.1 million dollars in registration fees, $717,000 in gas tax (for snowmobile use alone) and over $1 million in room and meal tax. It is estimated that 4,637 full time jobs are created as a direct result of snowmobiler expenditures.

In 1998 the University of Maine and the Maine Snowmobile Association conducted a study showing the economic impact of snowmobiling on Maine to be $261 million.

The Quebec Federation of Snowmobile Clubs in 1997 completed an economic impact study that showed over $1.5 billion is generated by the snowmobile industry in Quebec.

Michigan State University, for the Michigan Department of Parks and Recreation, completed an assessment of snowmobiling impact in the State of Michigan in February 1998. That survey showed that:

In 2001 Washington State University and the Washington State Snowmobile Association conducted a snowmobile usage study and concluded that the annual economic impact of snowmobiling in Washington was $92.7 million.

A 2001 Economic and Social Assessment of snowmobiling in Utah conducted by Utah State University determined the following data to be correct:

Economic impact reports across North America show the positive economic significance of the sport of snowmobiling at all levels.

The Snowmobile Community

ORGANIZED SNOWMOBILERS

There are nearly three thousand snowmobile clubs in the United States and Canada. Snowmobile clubs are non-profit and volunteer driven; they are grassroots groups based in local communities. In addition, there are 27 state associations in the United States and 12 provincial and territorial snowmobile organizations in Canada.

Snowmobile clubs work with state associations and provincial organizations to carry out numerous recreational and community service programs by:

Snowmobile Charities

Snowmobilers are caring neighbors. They are active, loving, outdoor enthusiasts. They show their caring attitude through action in fund raising for charities throughout the world. In 2000-2001 alone, snowmobilers across Canada and the U.S. raised $3.3 million-including:

Snowmobiling in Europe

Snowmobiling in Northern Europe is very popular and growing. There were 16,936 new snowmobiles sold in the countries of Finland, Sweden and Norway in 2000-2001. There are over 300 snowmobile clubs in Sweden alone and they, like their North American brothers and sisters, participate in fund raising, trail development, shows and more. In the Scandinavian countries, snowmobiling is a big part of their winter economic engine and provides thousands of full time jobs

Snowmobile Organizations

International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association (ISMA) is an organization representing the four snowmobile manufacturers, Arctic Cat, Bombardier, Polaris and Yamaha. ISMA's main function is to provide and encourage policies, programs and activities to improve the sport of snowmobiling throughout the world. ISMA coordinates committees within the industry to handle concerns such as snowmobile safety, the promotion of the sport of snowmobiling, keeping accurate statistics, reporting the growth of the industry and the positive economic impact the sport has throughout the world.

American Council of Snowmobile Associations (ACSA) is a non-profit national (US) association dedicated to providing leadership and advancing the efforts of all snowmobile-affiliated organizations to promote the expansion and education of responsible snowmobiling in the United States. Acts as national coordinator and spokesperson for state volunteer snowmobile associations and snowmobile clubs. ACSA was formed in 1995.

State Associations - each state in the snow-belt areas of the U.S. has a non-profit state snowmobile association representing the interests of snowmobile users, dealers, and service and supply companies within their state.

Canadian Council of Snowmobile Organizations - Counsil Canadien des Organismes de Motoneige (CCSO/CCOM) is a non-profit federation of snowmobiling organizations located within Canada, dedicated to providing leadership and support to organized snowmobiling in Canada. Designed to facilitate effective communication and cooperation among snowmobile organizations, government(s) and industry; unite snowmobilers in Canada to pursue common goals; promote the opportunity to snowmobile in Canada; and to promote safe and environmentally responsible snowmobiling. The CCSO/CCOM was formed in 1974.

Provincial Organizations - each province and territory in Canada has a non-profit snowmobile organization representing snowmobile clubs and users. Membership in most of the provinces is mandatory if users wish to use the trail system within the province. The trails within the provinces are maintained, designed, developed and controlled by the snowmobile clubs through an arrangement with the province and private land owner.

International Association of Snowmobile Administrators (IASA) is government employees and paid administrators who coordinate government action pertaining to the snowmobile industry and in particular, manage the safety training programs and the trail systems within the states and provinces.

National Snowmobile Foundation (NSF) - a 501(c)(3) foundation designed to educate the public about safe snowmobiling and assist snowmobile organizations with fundraising for charity.

Snowmobile Safety and Certification Committee (SSCC) - was formed in 1974. The organization is responsible for the safety certification standards covering new production snowmobiles. The members work with 3rd party inspection agencies and engineering groups.

International Snowmobile Council (ISC) was formed in 1973 and is designed to provide a communication forum and a means of addressing issues that are common from an international perspective. Delegates from ACSA and CCSO/CCOM form the ISC.

International Snowmobile Congress -a four-day event held annually (early June) in North America. All snowmobile representation groups meet, exchange information and address issues and concerns common to the industry.

International Snowmobile Media Council (ISMC) - an organization of media personnel from within the snowmobile industry. They meet at least twice per year and exchange ideas on the snowmobile industry.

International Snowmobile Tourism Council (ISTC) - an organization of tourism bureau representatives from the states, provinces and territories. They meet at least once a year at the International Snowmobile Congress to discuss the importance of the industry to tourism and how they can work cooperatively to expand and promote snowmobiling within the tourism industry.

Safety

MACHINE SAFETY

A comprehensive snowmobile machine safety standards program is sponsored by the Snowmobile Safety and Certification Committee (SSCC), a non-profit organization interested in safe snowmobiling. In 1981, the SSCC received the U.S. National Safety Council's "Distinguished Service to Safety" award for its effective work in improving the safety of snowmobiling.

Under the SSCC machine safety standards program, snowmobiles are certified by an independent testing company as being in compliance with all SSCC safety standards.

The SSCC independent certification program covers every vital component of the snowmobile; electrical, lighting and brake systems; alternate starting system; emergency control; brake and throttle controls; fuel system; reflectors; handgrips; seat; shields and guards. The SSCC standard sets maximum permissible sound levels of no more than 78 dB(A) + 2 dB(A) at 50 feet when the snowmobile is traveling at full throttle and no more than 73 dB(A) + 2 dB(A) at 50 feet when the snowmobile is traveling at 15 mph.

The SSCC standard exceeds state government standards in all snowbelt states. Under Transport Canada regulations, all new snowmobiles sold in Canada since 1987 are required to meet the current SSCC standards.

The compliance of a snowmobile with the SSCC standard is indicated by the SSCC's black and white certification label, which is generally placed on the right rear tunnel of the machine. These labels are distributed to the manufacturers only after an independent testing laboratory determines that the model is in compliance with the SSCC standard.

RIDER SAFETY

Across a special part of North America, summer weather is uncertain but winter always brings snow. More than 10 million people look forward to that blanket of white and the pleasures of enjoying the outdoors on snowmobiles.

Many things make snowmobiling fun: the breathtaking beauty of a snow-filled woods, field or mountain; the precision performance of a well-designed machine; the satisfaction of traversing the winter landscape with friends and family.

Yes, snowmobilers savor the winter world, and that calls for extra responsibility. Training, experience and awareness are all traits of the accomplished snowmobiler. You are the "Safe Riders! You make snowmobiling safe."

Snowmobiling is fun, but it's work, too. It challenges the body and mind, and that's part of the reason you're so relaxed at the end of a day of snowmobiling. While you're riding, the wind, sun, glare, cold, vibration, motion and other factors work together to affect both driver and passenger.

Yes, there's plenty of challenge awaiting you as you drive your snowmobile into the winter wonderland. Alcohol magnifies and distorts those challenges and can quickly turn an enjoyable outing into a situation that's hazardous for you and others.

Alcohol and snowmobiling, simply, do not mix.

Forget that myth that alcohol warms up a chilled person. It opens the blood vessels and removes the feeling of chill, but it does nothing to increase body heat. Instead, it can increase the risk of hypothermia, a dangerous lowering of the body's core temperature. With alcohol, you may only feel warmer, while your body chills dangerously.

Alcohol increases fatigue, fogs your ability to make good decisions, and slows your reaction time. It's part of a formula for disaster. And don't forget

– Most states and provinces have laws prohibiting the operation of a snowmobile while under the influence of alcohol.

As a Safe Rider, you:
Know your abilities and don't go beyond them;
Know your machine's capabilities and don't push beyond them.
Know your riding area. Get a map. Talk to local folks.
Learn more -- reading manuals and other materials from manufacturers, administrators and snowmobile associations, or watch videos or computer programs from these sources. Snowmobile clubs, and state and provincial associations offer courses, information and activities. Many members are certified driving and/or safety instructors.

Keep your machine in top shape

You have two good guides available for snowmobile maintenance: the owner's manual that came with your machine and your dealer. Consult both to make sure your machine is kept in top form for dependable, enjoyable fun.

Your local club or association may also conduct safety and maintenance programs.

Before each ride, follow the "pre-op" check outlined in your owner's manual.

Follow the rules

Regulations on sled registration and use are different in various parts of the snow belt. Check with natural resource and law enforcement agencies, and snowmobile dealers or clubs in the area you're visiting to make sure your ride results in legal and hassle-free snowmobiling.

Remember, too, that some states and provinces have age restrictions for snowmobile operation, often requiring that children are supervised by adults.

Safe crossing

Be careful when crossing roads of any kind. Come to a complete stop and make absolutely sure no traffic is approaching from any direction. Then cross at a right angle to traffic.

Dress appropriately

Wear layers of clothing, so that you can add or remove a layer or two to match changing conditions. A windproof outer layer is especially important, as are warm gloves or mitts, boots and a helmet.

Make sure your helmet is safety-certified, the right size and in good condition. A visor is essential for clear vision and wind protection and the chin strap should be snug.

Wear glasses or goggles that offer protection from the sun.

Think ahead

Remember, it's you, the Safe Rider, that makes snowmobiling safe. Many problems will be avoided by using common sense. Minor problems can be overcome by carrying a useful tool kit, spare parts, flashlight, first-aid kit and a few survival items such as high-energy food, fire-starting equipment and a compass.

Take it easy

Today's snowmobile is a mechanical marvel. It provides inspiring performance, reliability and pleasing aesthetics, combined with essential safety design and components.

Safe Riders drive within the limits of their machine and their abilities.

Remember, speed is not the measure of snowmobiling fun. You should always ride at a speed in which you can stop within your line of sight. Slow down and enjoy the scenery and the experience. Ease up on the throttle especially when near other machines, people, trees, animals and other objects. It's good sense -- and it's the law!

Take a friend

Don't snowmobile alone. Not only is snowmobiling more fun with family and friends, it's safer too.

File a plan

Airplane pilots and boaters file flight and float plans, respectively, so that others know where to look if they're overdue.

"Snow plans" describing your machine and your planned route can be time- and life-savers. Leave one with your family or friends.

Like those who file travel plans, always let your family and friends know you're back or have arrived at your destination. No one likes needless searches.

A good turn

Other snowmobilers and car drivers need to know what you're up to.

Remember the basic hand signals:
Left turn: left arm extended straight out
Right turn: left arm out, forearm raised, with elbow at 90-degree angle
Stop: left arm raised straight up
Slow: left arm out and angled toward ground

Take care of the trail

Safe Riders snowmobile to enjoy the outdoors. They treat it with respect.

They wait for enough snow cover to protect vegetation.
They avoid running over trees and shrubs.
They appreciate, but don't disturb, animals or other outdoor users.

Take the honorable trail

Beautiful trail systems and riding areas are available throughout North America. Stay safe and legal within the areas that you are permitted to ride or those for which you've obtained permission.

Stay Alert

Focusing on the tail light of the snowmobile ahead of you is the cause of many accidents. If your eyes are fixed on the tail light, you're not likely to notice the slight turn the machine ahead makes to avoid collision or the object that was almost hit.

After snowmobiling for several hours, your reaction time slows. Be aware that even though you may not feel tired, the motion, wind and vibration of the machine may begin to dull your senses.

Beware of darkness

Low-light and darkness require special care. Slow down and watch for others. Overcast days require extra caution.

Don't over-drive your headlights. Ask yourself, "Am I driving slow enough to see an object in time to avoid a collision?"

At night on the lakes and large open fields, estimating distances and direction of travel may become difficult. It is important to keep some point of reference when riding at night.

Beware of water

The safest snowmobiling rule is never to cross lakes or rivers. Besides the danger of plunging through the ice, you have far less traction for starting, turning and stopping on ice than on snow.

Collisions on lakes account for a significant number of accidents. Don't hold the attitude that lakes are flat, wide open areas, free of obstructions.

Remember, if you can ride and turn in any direction, without boundaries, so can other riders. The threat of a collision, then, can come from any direction.

However, if you do snowmobile on the ice, make absolutely sure the ice is safely frozen. Don't trust the judgement of other snowmobilers. You are responsible for your own safe snowmobiling. Drowning is a leading cause of snowmobile fatalities. Consider buying a buoyant snowmobile suit.

If you go through the ice, remember that your snowmobile suit (even a non-buoyant one) and helmet may keep you afloat for several minutes. Slide back onto the ice, using anything sharp to dig in for better pull. Kick your feet to propel you onto the ice, like a seal.

If the ice keeps breaking, continue moving toward shore or the direction from which you came. Don't remove your gloves or mitts.

Once on the ice, roll away from the hole. Don't stand until well away from the hole.

Mountain measures

Even if we don't live near mountains, many of us want to visit the Cascades, Adirondacks, Rockies or other mountains someday. Mountain snowmobiling is spectacular but can pose extra dangers, such as avalanches. Some avalanche areas may be posted and closed.

Be cautious of avalanche dangers throughout mountain country. Riding in these areas should only be done after receiving proper mountain riding training. Mountain snowmobilers should carry avalanche beacons, shovels, and probe poles for locating people buried in snow and a portable radio to summon help.

Carry-through

Just because you've parked the sled for the day, don't rest your Safe Rider good sense. If after-snowmobile activities include drinking alcohol, select a non-drinking designated driver for auto travel. That will help keep everyone alive and in good shape for that next snowmobile outing!

Snowmobilers Promote The Following Safe Riders Pledge:

Operator Education

Most provinces and states offer snowmobile operator safety-training programs. Many state and provinces have mandatory training courses for youths and under-age drivers. Programs throughout North America can be obtained by contacting your state or provincial organization. Through these programs, millions of individuals have received formal safety training.

The International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association, supported by the industry, promotes safe snowmobiling through the Safe Riders! You Make Snowmobiling SafeTM campaign. The international effort outlines safety guidelines that must be observed while snowmobiling. FREE information available for use and distribution in promoting safety and assisting in safety education classes are as follows:

For the past 9 years, the snowmobile community, lead by the snowmobile administrators and state and provincial associations have sponsored the International Snowmobile Safety Week. Working in partnership with the manufacturers, the organizations have published a Safety Week manual that is used to assist clubs and other organizations sponsor safety related activities, classes, and awareness weeks. Most states and provinces have safety week recognized by their chief public policy leaders and proclamations recognizing the importance of snowmobiling and snowmobile safety are done annually in conjunction with International Snowmobile Safety Week. Safety Week is historically held the third week in January and manuals are available from the ISMA office free of charge.

Provincial and state safety education programs include classroom instruction and sometimes field instruction. Snowmobile instruction courses are taught by specially trained volunteer teachers. The courses cover the topics of maintenance and machine operation, proper riding positions, proper clothing, terrain, weather and wind conditions, environmental awareness, skill, courtesy, judgment and common sense.

Provincial and state operator training programs are often funded with snowmobile registration fees or user fees.

Clubs and school systems are also engaged in safety education campaigns.

Snow Trails

Inadequate riding and trail facilities increase the risk of snowmobile safety related incidents. Just a few of the risks include: cables and guide wires, fences, barbed wire, unsafe ice and ice ridges, hidden rocks, tree stumps, low hanging branches and other obstacles.

Well designed, signed and maintained trails and riding areas not only provide enjoyable recreational snowmobiling opportunities but have been proven to significantly reduce the likelihood of a snowmobiler being injured. Safe trails and use areas remain a top priority and concern of the snowmobile community.

Statistics indicate that only approximately 10 - 15% of snowmobile incidents occur on well maintained and designed trails where as much as 80-90% of all snowmobile riding takes place.

There are an estimated 225,000 miles of signed and maintained snowmobile trails in North America that have been developed by snowmobile clubs and associations, usually in cooperation with provincial, state and local governments.
State/Province Miles/Kilometers State/Province Miles/Kilometers
AK 2500 MI PA 5182 MI
AZ 500 MI SD 1174 MI
CA/NV 7362 MI UT 1030 MI
CO 3600 MI VT 6000 MI
ID 7200 MI WA 2970 MI
IL 2533 MI WI 16949 MI
IN 375 MI WY 2276 MI
IA 4000 MI AB 5000 KM
ME 12400 MI BC 12000 KM
MA 1000 MI MB 10200 KM
MI 7500 MI NB 9000 KM
MN 14475 MI NF/LB 1873 KM
MT 6535 MI NSB 2500 KM
NE 404 MI NT n/a
NH 6061 MI ON 48000 KM
NY 8142 MI PE 1100 KM
ND 3000 MI QC 33640 KM
OH 466 MI SA 9304 KM
OR 6153 MI YT 300 KM

TRAIL DESIGN

The ideal snowmobile trail system is designed to meet multiple criteria:

TRAIL FUNDING

Snowmobilers have historically "paid their own way" for the development and maintenance of snowmobile trail systems. Funding for public snowmobile trail systems, paid for by the snowmobile user, include:

OTHER FUNDING PROGRAMS

Many snowmobile trail systems have been developed through programs, known in some jurisdictions as "grant-in-aid" programs. They allow a province or state to use snowmobile funds to develop and maintain trails not only on provincial or state-owned lands but also on private lands and lands owned by local governments - thus making possible the development of a comprehensive, interconnecting system. Under these grant-in-aid programs, snowmobile funds can be distributed to local governments or recognized snowmobile clubs.

Funds may be provided on a cost-sharing basis or they may allow for 100% funding up to a maximum limit.

In many jurisdictions, donated labor and materials are applied toward the "costs" incurred by local governments or clubs.

Local governments and recognized clubs must meet certain criteria and comply with trail requirements to receive these funds.

Many areas have been very effective in developing a shared financial responsibility for trails with other user groups, benefiting business partners and tourism organizations.

MULTIPLE USE TRAILS

Trails developed with snowmobile funds directly benefit other outdoor recreationists. During the non-winter months, many of these trails are used for hiking, horseback riding, bicycling and other trail-based activities.

Because development of snowmobile trails is compatible with many other trail-based activities, and because snowmobile registration fees, snowmobile gas taxes and user fees provide a ready source of trail funds, other recreational organizations often support snowmobile trail development.

Sound

SOUND

Sound levels for snowmobiles have been reduced 94% since inception. Pre-1969 snowmobiles were noisy. At full throttle, these machines emitted sound levels as high as 102 dB(A) from a distance of 50 feet.

Snowmobiles produced since February 1, 1975 and certified by the Snowmobile Safety and Certification Committee's independent testing company emit no more than 78 dB(A) from a distance of 50 feet while traveling at full throttle when tested under the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J192 procedures. Additionally, those produced after June 30, 1976 and certified by the Snowmobile Safety and Certification Committee's independent testing company emit no more than 73 dB(A) at 50 feet while traveling at 15 mph when tested under SAE J1161 procedures.

For comparison purposes, normal conversation at three feet produces approximately 70 dB(A).

It would take 256 78 dB(A) snowmobiles operating together at wide open throttle to equal the noise level of just one of the pre-1969 snowmobiles.

Problems with excessive noise levels do occur when irresponsible snowmobilers modify the snowmobile exhaust system or substitute the factory system with an after-market racing exhaust. In most states and provinces this practice is illegal and grossly misrepresents the sport.

THE BASICS OF SOUND AND NOISE

Every kind of sound is produced by vibration. The sound source may be a violin, an automobile horn, or a barking dog. Whatever it is, some part of it is vibrating while it is producing sound. The vibrations from the source disturb the air in such a way that sound waves are produced. These waves travel out in all directions, expanding in balloon like fashion from the source of the sound. If the waves happen to reach someone's ear, they set up vibrations that are perceived as sound.

Sound then depends on three things. There must be (1) a vibrating source to set up sound waves; (2) a medium such as air to carry the waves; and (3) a receiver to detect them.

Noise is defined as unwanted sound, a definition that includes both the psychological and physical nature of the sound. The term "sound" and "noise" are often interchangeable.

HOW SOUND IS PRODUCED AND CARRIED

It is easy to detect the vibrations of many sources of sound. A radio loudspeaker, for example, vibrates strongly, especially when the volume is turned up. If you lightly touch the speaker cone, you can feel its vibrations as a kind of tickling sensation in your fingertips.

Sound waves are often compared with water waves but are actually a very different sort of wave. What they are can be seen by considering what happens when an object vibrated in the air. Suppose someone strikes a gong, as the gong vibrates, it bends outward and inward very rapidly. This movement pushes and pulls at the air next to the surface of the metal. Air is made up of tiny molecules, and when the metal gong bends inward and outward, it creates a wave. The wave travels outward from the gong, becoming weaker and weaker until it dies away.

THE SPEED OF SOUND

Sound waves travel at a constant speed, regardless of the loudness or softness of a sound. Temperature, however, does affect their speed. At room temperature sound travels in air at a speed of 1,130 feet per second. Sound waves travel one mile in about five seconds. At freezing (0o C), sound waves travel at 1,087 feet per second or one mile in about 5 seconds.

Some sounds are high and others are low; some are loud and others barely audible; some are pleasant and others harsh. The three basic properties of any pure sound are its pitch, its intensity, and its quality.

THE PITCH OF SOUNDS

Pitch is simply the rate at which vibrations are produced. Another way to define the pitch of a tone is to find its wavelength. The wavelength of a particular tone is equal to the velocity of sound divided by the frequency of the tone.

INTENSITY AND TONE QUALITY

The intensity of a sound has nothing to do with its pitch. Intensity depends upon the strength of the vibrations producing the sound. The loudness of sounds is measured in decibels (dB).

REFLECTING AND FORCING SOUND WAVES

Like light waves, sound waves can be reflected and focused. An echo is simply a reflection of sound. A flat surface, like that of a cliff or wall, reflects sound better than an irregular surface, like a tree, which tends to break up sound waves.

Other examples of decibel levels are as follows:
Sound dB(A)
75-Piece Orchestra - 130
Car Horn, Snowblower - 110
Blow-dryer, Diesel truck - 100
Electric Shaver, Lawn Mower - 85
Garbage Disposal, Vacuum - 80
Alarm Clock, City Traffic - 70
Dishwasher - 60
Leaves Rustling, Refrigerator -

Effects on Snowmobiling on...

Dr. Andres Soom participated in the University of Wisconsin's comprehensive three-year study on the effects of snowmobile sound levels on deer and cottontail rabbits. His report entitled Emission, Propagation and Environmental Impact of Noise from Snowmobile Operations, concluded that "only minor reactions were noted in the movements of cottontail rabbits and white tailed deer to moderate and intensive snowmobiling activity." He stated that it had not been possible to determine sound levels at which there is a clear reaction on the part of the deer "because snowmobiles must be so close to deer to generate the higher levels that other factors such as visible presence... are likely to be more important."

The Wisconsin study also compared the reaction of deer to the presence of cross-country skiers. When cross-country skiers replaced snowmobiles on the test trail systems, the deer moved away from the trail more frequently.

A three-year study, Response of White-Tailed Deer to Snowmobiles and Snowmobile Trails in Maine, conducted by wildlife scientists for the Maine Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit and the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, revealed that:
"Deer consistently bedded near snowmobile trails and fed along them even when those trails were used for snowmobiling several times daily. In addition, fresh deer tracks were repeatedly observed on snowmobile trails shortly after machines had passed by, indicating that deer were not driven from the vicinity of these trails... The reaction of deer to a man walking differed markedly from their reaction to a man on a snowmobile... This decided tendency of deer to run with the approach of a human on foot, in contrast to their tendency to stay in sight when approached by a snowmobiler, suggests that the deer responded to the machine and not to the person riding it."

In a study entitled Snow Machine Use and Deer in Rob Brook, conducted by the Forest Wildlife Biologist of the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire, snowmobile operations and deer movement were monitored. A summary of the study indicated that deer travel patterns were not affected by periodically heavy snowmobile use. In addition, continued use of established snowmobile trails was recommended.

The University of Minnesota issued a study by Michael J. Dorrance entitled Effects of Snowmobiles on White Tailed Deer which found no meaningful difference in the deer's home range during periods of snowmobile use and non-use.

Addressing the subject of snowmobile operations in Yellowstone National Park, Jack Anderson, a former Superintendent of Yellowstone commented:
"We found that elk, bison, moose, even the fawns, wouldn't move away unless a machine was stopped and a person started walking. As long as you stayed on the machine and the machine was running, they never paid any attention. If you stopped the machine, got off and started moving, that was a different story. The thing that seemed to be disturbing to them was a man walking on foot."

Wolf Population Increases with Snowmobiling Expansion. The Michigan DNR reported in June 1999 that the wolf population in Michigan's Upper Peninsula has increased to over 249 wolves in 30 packs, from near extinction in 1989. This tremendous growth has occurred hand in hand with the growth of snowmobiling in the U.P.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT FOR SNOWMOBILERS

Jan 2001 - The following comments were made by John Monarch, President of an ecological consulting firm in Colorado. His input reflects the reality of just how twisted the process of "protecting our environment" has become.

I have been a wildlife biologist who has conducted wildlife studies for over 35 years in the intermountain west. During that time I have used snowmobiles to access areas where I have conducted studies.

Having observed wildlife responses to snowmobiles over that time I would support Ed's (Klim, President of the International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association) observation that there have been no studies to support the notion that there have been significant impacts to wildlife. As a matter of fact I would doubt one could prove even through studies that elk, deer, bison and other wildlife are affected at not only the population level, but the individual level.

The potential risk to wintering wildlife by snowmobile activity is minimized by the fact that most snowmobiling occurs in non-winter use areas. An example is the White River National Forest where less than 3% of the forest is considered to be winter habitat for big game animals. And of this area portions of that are not accessible to snowmobilers.

The argument that snowmobiling affects humans is driven primarily by the cross-country skiers who feel the snowmobilers are impacting their wilderness experience. They are unwilling to accept that with the new exhaust systems sound levels are very low and one can't hear them very far away. I enjoy cross-country skiing as much as snowmobiling and have never had a problem with noise or discourteous riders.

As for the environment there are no studies to prove snowmobiles affect the environment. There may be evidence that sleds have been in an area, but no evidence that the environment has been harmed. The special interest groups don't want to accept the fact that snowmobiling occurs on the snow and, with few exceptions, do not affect vegetation or habitat.

The few exceptions I reference are those instances when snowmobilers ride during marginal snow conditions and tear up the vegetation. This is an education and self-policing issue that we must continue to work on and not a reason to close down national parks or portions of the forests or BLM lands.

Whenever I deal with environmental issues, I find that they have an opinion and are pushing an agenda and don't care what the facts or lack thereof show. What people need to do is spend as much time in the field as I have over the past years then maybe they would have a better understanding of how wildlife reacts to not only winter, but year around recreation and other activities. Then, maybe they wouldn't be so inclined to get on the bandwagon in opposition of motorized recreation.

I should further point out that over my many years of observations, I have found that wildlife reacts more to a person walking or cross country skiing than when they are in a vehicle, or on a snowmobile or ATV.

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY STUDY SHOWS BISON DON'T FAVOR GROOMED ROADS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK - January 2001 - According to a study by a former Montana State University graduate student who spent two winters documenting the shaggy beasts' precise movements in the park's western section, most of bison travel is not taking place on groomed roads. Dan Bjornlie, who finished his master's degree in ecology at MSU last spring and currently works for the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, is the first person to directly address the issue with field studies.

The study, funded by the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey and accepted for publication in the Journal of Wildlife Management, found only 8 percent of the time were bison traveling on roads. More often, the bison followed natural corridors, streambanks and packed (ungroomed) trails.

In 28,293 bison observations in the Madison, Firehole and Gibbon river drainages from November 1997 to May 1998 and from December 1998 to May 1999, Bjornlie found of all bison activities, a really small part is traveling, and most of that, a small part is travel on the roads. What's more, bison road use peaked in the months before and after the roads were groomed, especially after mid-April when spring thaws opened up new foraging areas.

The study yielded no evidence that the animals used groomed roads for traveling long distances. Most - 68 percent - traveled less than 1 kilometer while on groomed terrain refuting the travel hypothesis repeated so frequently by the media. Citing the increasing population since control efforts were halted in 1967, researchers said the bison are moving because of range expansion, not because of the roads.

EFFECTS ON PEOPLE

Operated in normal, considerate manner, snowmobiles are barely audible from inside a home. From a distance of 50 feet, snowmobiles generate between 68 - 73 dB(A) at 15 mph. Since doors and windows are almost always closed in winter, snowmobiles operating outside at a distance of 50 feet only create an interior sound level between 41 and 47 dB(A). From a distance of 200 feet, snowmobiles produce an interior sound level between 29 and 35 dB(A), This is well below the average evening household sound level of 47 dB(A). Dr. Andres Soom, (University of Wisconsin) concluded from his study that the newer, quieter machines can travel within 45 feet of a residence without adverse effect.

Natural sound barriers, careful trail planning and reduced speed limits in residential areas further reduce snowmobile noise. Snowbanks or trees can cause a 20 dB drop in sound levels if they are between the machine and listener.

U.S. Forest Service researcher Robin Harrison reported that under usual wildland conditions, snowmobile operation is undetectable to the human ear at distances of more than 750 feet. He reported that snowmobiles were barely detectable above normal campground sound levels at a distance of 400 feet.

COMPACTION AND VEGETATION

Everything we do has some effect on the environment. When a hiker steps on a flower, he affects the environment. When land is paved over for a bicycle path, it affects the environment. Many of the foot paths man has used for centuries still exist and are clearly visible throughout the world.

However, it's a fact that a snowmobile and rider exert dramatically less pressure on the earth's surface than other recreational activities (i.e., just one-tenth the pressure of a hiker and one-sixteenth the pressure of a horseback rider). Average pounds of pressure per square inch exerted on earth's surface:
Object Lbs. of Pressure
Four-Wheel Drive Vehicle 30
Horse 8
Man 5
All-Terrain Vehicle 1.5
Snowmobile 0.5

(All vehicle weights considered include 210 lbs. estimated weight of one person and gear.)

Moreover, the snowmobile's 1/2 pound of pressure is further reduced by an intervening blanket of snow.

In many jurisdictions, snowmobiles are not classified as off-road vehicles. By both definition and management policies, these jurisdictions have completely separated snowmobiles from off-road vehicles. As the U.S. Department of the Interior concluded in an environmental statement:

"A major distinction is warranted between snowmobiles and other types of off-road vehicles. Snowmobiles operated on an adequate snow cover have little effect on soils - and hence cause less severe indirect impacts on air and water quality, and on soil- dependent biotic communities, than other ORV's do."

Given adequate snowfall and responsible operation, all evidence of snowmobile operation disappears when the season changes and the snow melts.

In its environmental statement regarding off-road vehicle use of public lands, the U.S. Department of the Interior stated: "Where snowmobiles are used exclusively over snow on roads and trails, the impact on vegetation is indeed virtually nil."

A University of Wisconsin study of J. W. Pendleton entitled Effect of Snowmobile Traffic on Non-Forest Vegetation discovered that snowmobile traffic had no effect on grain yield of winter wheat, alfalfa, red clover plots or grass legume. Species of turf grass showed slightly reduced yields at first harvest, but were not negatively affected in subsequent harvests.

Research undertaken by Dr. James C. Wittaker and Dennis S. Wentworth of the University of Maine concluded that "compaction by snowmobiling does not alter the grain weight yields of alfalfa in Maine."

A Utah Water Resource Laboratory study found that snow compaction, caused by snowmobile tracks, does not damage wheat crops. Instead, the compaction increases the yield and eliminates snow mold. Erosion is also reduced.

There is no evidence that snow compaction caused by snowmobiling, ski-touring or snowshoeing has a significant impact on the population of small burrowing animals. Since these recreations take place over a minuscule portion of the total land area, the ecosystems of burrowing animals tend to be overwhelmingly affected by natural forces-such as wind-induced compaction, early and late snowfalls, temperature fluctuations resulting in thaws and freezes, etc.

 

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Future of Snowmobiling

The sport of snowmobiling will continue to offer a unique form of recreation to mankind. A recent study conducted by the Recreation Roundtable showed that people who recreate outdoors are happier, healthier and more productive. They are better citizens and neighbors. As our future holds new demands on our time, the recreation that snowmobiling affords will increase in importance.

The future will see the snowmobile itself continue to improve in dependability, reliability and quality for all consumers. Manufacturers, using the latest in technology and science, are working and investing in order that all aspects of the machine are updated to serve the needs of a growing populace.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTLY BEING TESTED BY THE MANUFACTURERS

  1. Snowmobiles using four-stroke car type engines are being used throughout North America.
  2. New direct injection technology and catalytic converter systems for two-stroke engines are being tested. This technology is similar to the technology used in marine engines and the results are promising.
  3. Additional work is being done on high technology engines using direct injection systems, and new engine designs.
  4. More precise carburetors to reduce emissions from continuing improvement of the air and fuel metering
  5. Improved mufflers, muffler wrapping and hood foam to continue reduction in sound.
  6. Advanced 3-dimensional electronic ignitions for emissions reduction, more efficient operation of engine, and less fuel consumption.

HISTORY OF MANUFACTURERS TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS

Here is a history of some technology improvements made by the snowmobile manufacturers that have lowered emissions and sound levels of snowmobiles.

Presently - The EPA is moving forward on regulating snowmobile emission levels and by September 2002 the new emission regulatory standard for snowmobile engines should be law.

1998 - Developed Frequency-Tuned intake system resulting in reduced engine sound level.
1995 - Promotion of oxygenated fuel, and technology improvements to allow use of oxy-fuel resulting in emissions reduction of 19% and 31%.
1994 - Altitude compensating carburetors introduced resulting in emissions lowered as a benefit of more accurate fuel and air metering.
1991 - Electronic Fuel Injection introduced resulting in emissions lowered utilizing electronically controlled air and fuel metering.
1988 - Movable Exhaust valves introduced resulting in largest single improvement for sound reduction and emissions lowering both.
1977 - Oil injection introduced resulting in reduced oil consumption and exhaust emissions.
1976 - Secondary air silencer introduced resulting in further reduced air-intake noise.
1976 - Center Dump Pipes introduced resulting in reduced exhaust noise.
1975 - Pipe wrap of exhaust systems introduced resulting in reduced shell noise from expansion chamber.
1975 - Fin dampeners in fan-cooled engines introduced resulting in reduced high frequency sound from cooling fins.
1974 - SSCC Regulations Promulgated resulting in mandated sound reductions and comprehensive SAE regulated testing for all OEM snowmobiles.
1973 - CDI Ignition developed resulting in emission reduction from improved combustion.
1973 - Hood Foam Lining introduced resulting in absorbed under the hood sound.
1973 - Intake air boxes introduced resulting in reduced air intake noise.
1972 - Fully enclosed engine compartment introduced resulting in trapping noise under the hood.
1971 - Variable ignition timing introduced resulting in more efficient combustion, less emission and better fuel economy.
1970 - Aluminum clutch introduced resulting in increased efficiency, lower emissions and better fuel economy.

Maintenance Tips To Ensure Your Snowmobile Runs Cleaner & Quieter

Here is a list of maintenance tips to ensure your snowmobile runs cleaner and more efficiently.
  1. Use a high-grade oil. High-grade oil burns cleaner because of its molecular consistency, which breaks down into harmless particles.
  2. Make sure the engine is properly tuned to include the proper carburetor jet setting for altitude. A properly tuned snowmobile, like an automobile, runs cleaner and more efficiently because it burns all of the gas completely.
  3. Change spark plugs at least once during the year. Spark plugs, when used in cold weather, will sometimes foul and will not completely burn the fuel.
  4. Use a high quality gasoline. High quality gasoline has fewer impurities and results in a cleaner, better running engine.
  5. Always have your snowmobile inspected by a licensed snowmobile mechanic at the beginning of the season. Like an automobile that has a low tire inflation that results in poor performance, a snowmobile with a poorly tuned track system results in the same poor performance and higher emissions and noise.
  6. When driving a snowmobile, use caution when accelerating and do not open and close the throttle on a continuing basis. This action results in inefficient burning of the fuel and slightly higher emissions and sound.
  7. All 2002 snowmobiles have SSCC stamped and approved exhaust pipes. Approved exhaust systems have been certified by US Testing Company as meeting required standards. If you must change your exhaust system, ensure that it meets sound standards.

ISMA Web Site Information

ISMA WEB SITE

The International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association has developed a user friendly web site available to all snowmobile enthusiasts or interested parties. The address is www.snowmobile.org. Contained within the web site is:

International and National Associations

For additional snowmobile information, contact
International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association (ISMA)
Phone: (517) 339-7788
Fax: (517) 339-7798
Web site: www.snowmobile.org

Arctic Cat Inc.
601 Brooks Ave. S.
Thief River Falls, MN 56701
Phone: (218) 681-4999
Web site: www.arctic-cat.com

Bombardier Motor Corporation
7575 Bombardier Court
Wausau, WI 54401
Phone: (819) 566-3366
Web site: www.ski-doo.com

Polaris Industries Inc.
2100 Hwy 55
Medina, MN 55340
Phone: (763) 542-0500
Web site: www.polarisindustries.com

Yamaha Motor Corporation
6555 Katella Ave.
Cypress, CA 90630
Phone: (800) 6-YAMAHA
Web site: www.yamaha-motor.com

For information on state volunteer snowmobile associations and snowmobile clubs, contact
American Council of Snowmobile Associations (ACSA)
Phone: (517) 351-4362
Fax: (517) 351-1363

For information on snowmobile organizations, governmental and industry in Canada, contact
Canadian Council of Snowmobile Organizations (CCSO)
Phone: (514) 252-3000 ext. 3539
Fax: (514) 254-2066